| 引用本文: | 刘凯,侯振安,王方斌,等.优化行管配置和施氮量提高机采棉养分吸收及产量[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-. |
| LIU Kai,Hou Zhen-an,WANG Fang-bin,et al.优化行管配置和施氮量提高机采棉养分吸收及产量[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-. |
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| 摘要: |
| 【背景】新疆地处干旱半干旱地区，在作物生育期内，气候干燥、日照充足、昼夜温差大，有效降水少，是中国适宜棉花种植的主要地区。随着棉花生产水平的提升，发展机采棉是大幅降低植棉成本、提高劳动生产率，实现植棉业规模化经营的重要途径。氮作为棉花生长所需的重要营养元素，对棉花产量形成具有重要作用，但过量施用氮肥不仅降低产量，还导致一系列生态环境问题。目前，新疆传统的棉花栽培措施与机采模式不匹配，棉花生产中氮肥过量投入成为影响机采棉产业发展的主要因素。【目的】通过田间试验研究滴灌机采棉不同行距、滴灌毛管铺设位置及施氮量对棉花生长、养分吸收和产量的影响。【方法】试验设置四种行管配置模式：行距66+10 cm滴灌毛管在作物窄行中间（B66）、行距66+10 cm滴灌毛管在作物宽行间靠近作物位置（S66）、行距72+4 cm滴灌毛管在作物宽行间靠近作物位置（S72）、76 cm等行距（S76）；同时，设置三个施氮（N）水平0、240、300 kg·hm-2（分别以N0、N240、N300表示）。【结果】S66和B66处理土壤水分与硝态氮在0-40 cm土层分布较均匀，尤其S66处理土壤硝态氮主要分布在作物根系区域。与S66-N300相比，S66-N240和B66-N240处理棉花干物质重和氮素吸收量无显著差异，S72-N240和S76-N240处理棉花干物质重和氮素吸收量显著降低。B66-N240处理棉花磷素和钾素吸收量显著高于其他处理。S66-N240和B66-N240处理棉花产量和氮肥表观利用率均显著高于S66-N300处理，尤其S66-N240处理氮肥表观利用率最高，较S66-N300处理增加28.7%。S72-N240与S76-N240处理棉花产量和氮肥表观利用率均显著低于S66-N300处理。【结论】机采棉行距66+10 cm模式下，施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时可显著提高棉花产量，滴灌毛管铺设在作物行宽行靠近作物位置利于氮素吸收，提高氮肥利用率；滴灌毛管在作物窄行中间的则增加棉花对磷和钾的吸收。 |
| 关键词: 机采棉；行管配置；施氮量；产量；氮肥利用率 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:S562 |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0200100,2018YFD0800800)和兵团中青年科技创新领军人才计划(2016BC001) |
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| Optimize the Spacing Pattern and N Application Rate to Improve Nutrients Uptake and Yield of Mechanical Harvesting Cotton |
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LIU Kai, Hou Zhen-an, WANG Fang-bin, SUN Jia-lin, YIN Xing
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Department of Resources and Environmental Science,Shihezi University,Shihezi
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| Abstract: |
| [Background] Xinjiang is located in the arid and semi arid regions of China. The climate is dry and the effective precipitation is generally the lowest during the growing season of crops with abundant sunshine and large difference in temperature between day and night, it is currently the most dominant cotton growing region in China. With the improvement of cotton production level, the development of machine-picked cotton is an important way to significantly reduce the cost of cotton planting, improve labor productivity, and achieve large-scale operation of the cotton planting industry. Nitrogen, as an important nutrient element for cotton growth, plays an important role in cotton yield formation, but excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer not only reduces yield, but also causes a series of ecological and environmental problems. At present, Xinjiang's traditional cotton cultivation measures do not match the mechanical harvesting model. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer input in cotton production has become a major factor affecting the development of the cotton harvesting industry. [Objective] The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different spacing pattern and nitrogen (N) application rate on growth, N uptake and yield of mechanical harvesting cotton under drip irrigation conditions. [Methods] Four spacing pattern treatments were set as row spacing (66+10 cm)+ drip line placement (outside-row), row spacing (66+10 cm)+ drip line placement (inter-row), row spacing (72+4 cm)+ drip line placement (outside-row), and row spacing (76 cm) + drip line placement (outside-row), noted as S66, B66, S72, and S76, respectively. Nitrogen application levels were 0, 240, and 300 kg·hm-2 (noted as N0, N240, and N300, respectively). [Result] water and NO3-N of soil in S66 and B66 treatments were evenly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layers, especially soil NO3-N in the S66 treatment was mainly distributed near the root area. Compared with the S66-N300 treatment, treatments of S66-N240 and B66-N240 had no significant difference in dry matter weight and N uptake of cotton, while dry matter weight and N uptake in S72-N240 and S76-N240 treatments were significantly decreased. The P and K uptake of cotton in the B66-N240 treatment was significantly higher than those in other treatments. The yield and apparent N use efficiency of S66-N240 and B66-N240 treatments were significantly higher than those of S66-N300 treatments, especially S66-N240 treatment had the highest apparent N use efficiency, which increased by 28.7% compared with S66-N300 treatment. Yield and apparent N use efficiency of cotton in S72-N240 and S76-N240 treatments were significantly lower than those in the S66-N300 treatment. [Conclusion] Under the 66 + 10 cm row spacing pattern and Nitrogen application 240 kg·hm-2, optimum N application can significantly increase cotton yield. Drip line placed outside-row 10 cm is beneficial to N uptake and N use efficiency of cotton, while drip line placed inter-row increases P and K uptake of cotton. |
| Key words: mechanical harvesting cotton; spacing pattern; N application rate; yield; N use efficiency |
