| 引用本文: | 陈慧,蔡甲冰,黄权中,等.覆膜和降雨强度对玉米耗水过程及土壤水分入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2019,():-. |
| Chen Hui,Cai Jia-Bing,Huang Quan-Zhong,et al.覆膜和降雨强度对玉米耗水过程及土壤水分入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2019,():-. |
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| 摘要: |
| 随着北方灌区水资源的日益短缺，自然降雨的充分利用和提高农业生产中水分利用效率愈来愈受到关注。农田作物生长过程中，覆膜和降雨特征等因素都会对土壤入渗产生影响。本文利用群集式测坑及其挡雨棚和附设人工降雨装置，根据北京地区典型年降雨量来设计和模拟春玉米生育期降雨过程，开展不同地表覆盖条件下降雨强度对玉米的耗水及水分利用效率的影响研究。其中降雨强度分别设小雨强0.5mm/min和大雨强1.5mm/min，覆盖和种植条件设膜下滴灌（MDI）、地面滴灌（SDI）和对照处理无作物种植（NP）。结果表明：（1）MDI水分利用效率较SDI高13%，覆膜具有较好的节水增产效应。（2）不同条件下作物耗水量NP < MDI < SDI；相比SDI处理，MDI作物耗水量减小了40.6mm；覆膜主要提高20~60cm土层储水量和0~100cm土层温度。（3）降雨强度越大，土壤水分下渗越快；相比小雨强，大雨强条件下土壤深层渗漏量增多了3.4~15.6%。（4）降雨和灌溉对土壤水分影响深度主要为0~150cm土层。相对于SDI处理，MDI和NP处理土壤储水量大大增加；不同降雨强度对土壤储水量变化影响不明显，但相同降雨量时小雨强降雨更有利于土壤水存储。（5）不同的降雨强度对土壤水分入渗和再分布影响不同。小雨强时表层0~20cm土壤入渗NP最快，大雨强时MDI最快。而在40cm处则相反，小雨强时MDI的土壤水分最快达到峰值，大雨强时NP最快。60cm处两种雨强下三种处理变化一致，NP > MDI > SDI，但大雨强时土壤水分变化速率大于小雨强。本研究成果可为雨水资源的合理利用并提高农田水分利用效率提供理论依据。 |
| 关键词: 覆膜，玉米，降雨强度，耗水，水分利用效率，土壤入渗 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:S274.1 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学(51779256、51679254),水利部公益性行业科研专项项目(201501031) |
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| Effects of mulching and rainfall intensity on soil water infiltration and water consumption for Maize |
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Chen Hui1, Cai Jia-Bing1, Huang Quan-Zhong2, Chen Min-Jian1, Huang Lin1, Huang Guan-Hua2
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1.State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research;2.Center for Agricultural Water Research in China,China Agricultural University
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| Abstract: |
| With increasing shortage of water resources in irrigation district in North China, it is in need and very important to make full use of rainfall and improve the water use efficiency in agricultural production. Under this situation, the key studies are to learn the rule of soil water infiltration, movement, and redistribution at different surface mulching and irrigation method. In this paper, multiple lysimeters are employed to carry out experiments of maize water consumption in different rainfall intensity and ground cover, companying with the rain shelter and artificial rainfall facility. Artificial rainfall amount and their process in crop growth season are designed and simulated based on frequency analyses of 60 years in Beijing area. Two rainfall intensities are 0.5mm/min (small) and 1.5mm/min (big). There are 3 treatments set up to compare the maize water consumptions and soil water infiltration, including of Mulching Drip Irrigation (MDI), Surface Drip Irrigation (SDI) and contrast treatment of bare soil (No Plant, NP), respectively. Results showed that: (1) The water use efficiency of MDI increased by 13.1~13.7% than the SDI, which indicates that mulching has significant effect on water saving and increasing crop yield. (2) The amount order of water consumption was NP < MDI < SDI. Water consumption of MDI decreases 9.6~11.6% comparing with the SDI. Mulching supports significant contribution to soil moisture in 20~60cm depth and soil temperature of 0~60cm. (3) The infiltration rate of soil water sends up clearly when rainfall intensity increases. Compared with small rainfall intensity, the soil deep seepage increases 40.6mm at 1.5mm/min rainfall intensity. (4) The main soil depth in crop root zone is 0~150cm affected by rainfall and irrigation to soil water movement. The soil water storages of MDI and NP are larger than the SDI in 0~240cm. However, the rainfall intensity has less effect to the soil water storage in whole 0~240cm. But the small rainfall intensity profits it at same rainfall. (5) Rainfall intensity affects the soil water infiltration and redistribution. At the top of 0~20cm, soil infiltration rate is biggest in NP treatment at rainfall intensity of 0.5mm/min, and the MDI is the biggest at 1.5mm/min. But the change is opposite at the depth of 40cm. The soil water content reach peak in MDI treatment at rainfall intensity of 0.5mm/min and the NP is the fastest at 1.5mm/min. At the depth of 60cm, the soil water filtration appear as order by NP > MDI > SDI, whatever at small rainfall intensity or big. At the same time, the soil water content change rate is faster at rainfall intensity of 1.5mm/min than the small. Those results could support the high utilization of natural rainfall resources and promoting water use efficiency in agricultural field. |
| Key words: Mulching, Maize, Rainfall Intensity, Water Consumption, Water Use Efficiency, Soil Water Infiltration |
