| 引用本文: | 王晓森,吕谋超,王森,等.种植密度和灌溉、施氮模式对冬小麦土壤水分状况、产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-. |
| wangxiaosen,lvmouchao,wangsen,et al.种植密度和灌溉、施氮模式对冬小麦土壤水分状况、产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-. |
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】探索农业节水、减肥背景下豫北地区冬小麦高产高效种植模式。【方法】采用测坑试验设置了密度、灌溉和追氮3因素，其中密度因素设置2水平（D1：500万株/hm2基本苗；D2：300 万株/hm2基本苗），灌溉因素设置3水平（W1：返青和灌浆初期灌水；W2：返青、拔节和灌浆初期灌水；W3：返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆初期灌水；各生育期灌水定额均相同），追氮因素设置2水平（N1：氮肥返青期一次性追施；N2：氮肥在返青期和抽穗期分2次追施）对冬小麦土壤水分状况、叶片生理指标、产量和品质进行研究。【结果】小麦春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水处理（W2）可在1 m深度土层内形成由浅至深逐渐增加的土壤水分梯度，即能形成适宜冬小麦生长的土壤水分环境又提高了不同土层土壤水的利用。灌水生育期越多冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率越高，但叶片水分利用效率则随灌水生育期的增多而降低；D2处理Pn高于D1处理Pn；N2处理Pn高于N1处理Pn。种植密度地增加能极显著的提高单位面积小麦穗数（P＜0.01），但导致穗粒数和千粒质量极显著下降；灌溉因素对穗粒数、千粒质量、产量和灌溉水利用效率（IWUE）的影响均达显著水平（P＜0.05），其中千粒质量随灌水生育期的增加而增加，IWUE随灌水生育期的增加而降低，而穗粒数和产量的最大值均出现在W2处理，其次才是W3处理和W1处理；在氮肥追施总量相同的情况下， N2处理的千粒质量和产量均值比N1处理均值有显著增加。此外，小麦籽粒中的氨基酸和蛋白质随灌水生育期的增加而减少； N1处理氨基酸和蛋白质均值比N2处理的稍高。通过回归分析发现，氨基酸和蛋白质量随产量的增加而线性下降。【结论】豫北地区大穗型冬小麦节水减肥推荐种植模式为： 种植密度为300万株/ hm2基本苗，足墒播种条件下春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水，每次灌水定额为75mm；基施复合肥养分含量N、 P2O5和K2O均为90 kg/hm2，返青期和抽穗期各追氮肥一次，每次施纯氮60 kg/hm2。 |
| 关键词: 密度;灌水;追氮;冬小麦;产量;品质 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:S275.6 |
| 基金项目:科技创新工程所级重点任务“黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米集约高效用水技术创新与应用”；NSFC-河南人才培养联合基金(U1504530);2020年度新乡市科技攻关计划项目(23) |
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| Effects of Densities, Irrigation and Topdressing Nitrogen Modes on Soil Water Content, Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat |
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wangxiaosen1, lvmouchao1, wangsen1, caijiumao1, liying1, qinjingtao1, liujieyun1, FANXICHAO2
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1.FIRI;2.firi
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objectives】Objective of the experiment was to explore scientific planting mode of winter wheat under the back ground of saving water irrigation and decreasing fertilizer using.【Methods】the experiment of effects of densities, irrigation and topdressing nitrogen modes on different living stages of winter wheat on soil water content, yield and quality was carried out . There were 2 levels of densities ( D? and D? , with 5×106 plant/hm2 and 3×106 plant/hm2 basic seedlings), 3 levels of irrigation modes on different living stages (W? irrigating at turning green stage and grain filling stage, W? irrigating at turning green stage, jointing stage and grain filling stage and W? irrigating at turning green stage, jointing stage, heading stage and grain filling stage) and 2 levels of topdressing nitrogen modes on different living stages (N? topdressing all nitrogen at turning green stage and N? topdressing one half nitrogen at turning green stage and the other half at jointing stage respectively) in the experiment. 【Results】Results indicated that W? treatment could build suitable soil water content under different depths of soil profile within 1m benefiting both the growth of winter wheat and the soil water use efficiency. The more times winter wheat was irrigated on different living stages, the greater values of photosynthetic and transpiration rates were detected on flag leaves, but leaf water use efficiency decreased on the contrary. The photosynthetic rate in D? treatment was bigger than that in D? treatment, and N? treatment was bigger than N? treatment too in photosynthetic rate, despite N?, N? sharing the same nitrogen topdressing amount. Bigger planting density increased spike number extreme significantly（P＜0.01）but led to reductions in grain number per spike and kernel weight extreme significantly too. Irrigation modes affected grain number per spike, kernel weight, yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) significantly（P＜0.05）, and kernel weight increased with the increasing of irrigation times on different living stages but IWUE decreased on the contrary. The biggest grain number per spike and yield lied in W? treatment, and the second was W? treatment, and the smallest lied in W? treatment. Under the same topdressing nitrogen amount, the kernel weights and yields of N? treatment were bigger than those of N? treatment significantly. Furthermore, amounts of amino acid and protein in the grain of winter wheat decreased with the increasing of irrigation times on different living stages, and so did with the effects of topdressing nitrogen modes on the quality of the grain of winter wheat, but the influence of planting density on amino acid and protein was not obvious. Through regression analysis, one result was revealed that amount of amino acid and protein in grain of winter wheat would decrease linearly with the increasing of yield.【Conclusions】A scientific planting mode of winter wheat at this region was recommended that seeds should be planted under proper soil water content condition with density of 3×106 plant/hm2 basic seedlings, and irrigations be applied at turning green stage, jointing stage and grain filling stage in spring season with 75mm irrigation amount per stage, and basal application of fertilizers were 90 kg/hm2 each element (N, P2O5 and K2O), and topdressing nitrogen at turning green stage and jointing stage with 60 kg/hm2. |
| Key words: density; irrigation; topdressing nitrogen; winter wheat; yield; quality |
