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引用本文:刘杰云,张文正,邱虎森,等.灌溉方式及生物质炭对冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-.
LIU JIEYUN,ZHANG WENZHENG,QIU HUSEN,et al.灌溉方式及生物质炭对冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-.
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灌溉方式及生物质炭对冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率的影响
刘杰云, 张文正, 邱虎森, 蔡九茂, 王晓森, 吕谋超
中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室
摘要:
【目的】为缓解华北地区水资源浪费严重,地下水超采等问题,达到节水的目的,冬小麦灌溉宜采用节水灌溉模式,但需要对不同灌溉方式的适宜性进行评价。生物质炭具有发达的孔隙结构,添加到土壤中,可改善土壤水分和通气状况。生物质炭与不同灌溉方式结合,如何影响作物产量及水肥利用效率,目前尚无定论,需要开展大量的田间试验进行验证。【方法】本研究采用田间小区试验方法,开展研究了不同灌溉方式(漫灌、滴灌、微喷灌、喷灌)与生物质炭不同添加量(0、10和20 t·/hm2)对冬小麦产量及其构成要素、灌溉水利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率的影响研究。【结果】灌溉方式和生物质炭施用均未显著影响小麦的株高和根长。与漫灌处理相比,滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌处理在节水约50%的条件下,其籽粒产量均有所降低,但未达到显著水平(p>0.05)。滴灌降低了秸秆产量,并增加了小麦收获指数。喷灌降低了每穗的实粒数,提高了空瘪率。生物质炭添加对冬小麦氮肥表观利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均没有显著影响(p>0.05)。节水灌溉处理的氮肥表观利用效率较漫灌处理有所降低,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。与漫灌处理相比,滴灌、喷灌、微喷灌处理均显著提高了灌溉水利用效率(p<0.05),增幅分别为42.79%、39.09%和47.71%,且滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌条件下添加生物质炭处理的灌溉水利用效率也显著高于漫灌条件下的生物质炭处理(p<0.05)。【结论】滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌在不明显降低作物产量的条件下可节水约50%。生物质炭添加对不同灌溉方式下的小麦产量及水肥利用效率均没有显著影响。综合考虑作物生长、产量、灌溉水利用效率等因素,滴灌为华北地区冬小麦较为适宜的灌溉方式。
关键词:  灌溉方式;生物质炭;冬小麦产量;灌溉水利用效率;氮肥利用效率
DOI:
分类号:S275.3
基金项目:
Effects of irrigation methods and biochar amendment on winter wheat yield and irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency
LIU JIEYUN, ZHANG WENZHENG, QIU HUSEN, CAI JIUMAO, WANG XIAOSEN, LV MOUCHAO
Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Abstract:
【Objective】In order to relieve the stress of water resource waste and excessive groundwater exploitation, and achieve the aim of water conservation in North China Plain, the winter wheat irrigation should adopt water-saving irrigation mode. So, the suitability of different irrigation methods in winter wheat field should be evaluated in North China Plain. Biochar has the developed pore structure, and biochar amendment can improve soil water content and soil air condition, and in turn amendment can improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. How biochar amendment influence wheat yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency with different irrigation method is not clear, which need a plenty of experiments to demonstrate.【Method】In this study, the effects of different irrigation methods and biochar addition rates on winter wheat yield and yield components, irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were researched in a winter wheat field with plot experiment method in October 2018 to June 2019. Four irrigation types which included flooding irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and micro-sprinkling irrigation were studied. In each irrigation method, three biochar application rates (0, 10 and 20 t·hm-2 biochar derived from peanut shell) were arranged. The treatments were set up randomly.【Result】The results showed that irrigation methods and biochar amendment did not obviously affect wheat stem height and root length. With 50% water saving, drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and micro-sprinkling irrigation treatments reduced grain yields compared to flooding irrigation treatment, but the reductions were not significant (p>0.05). Drip irrigation reduced straw yield and increased winter wheat harvest index. Sprinkling irrigation reduced grain numbers per ear, and increased vacancy rate of winter wheat, which attributed to the flattening of wheat due to sprinkling irrigation. So, sprinkling irrigation is not suitable for winter wheat. Biochar amendment did not significantly affected the irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat in each irrigation method (p>0.05). Drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and micro-sprinkling irrigation treatments reduced apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency compared to flooding irrigation treatment, but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). In comparison with flooding irrigation treatment, drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and micro-sprinkling irrigation treatments obviously increased irrigation water use efficiency by 42.79%, 39.09% and 47.71%, respectively (p<0.05). The irrigation water use efficiencies of biochar treatments under drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and micro-sprinkling irrigation were significantly higher than those under flooding irrigation (p<0.05). In this study, biochar amendment did not significantly affected wheat grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in each irrigation method (p>0.05), which may be attributed to the low addition rate. So in future study, the biochar application rates should be increased.【Conclusion】Drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and micro-sprinkling irrigation can save irrigation water about 50% without the reduction of wheat grain yield. Considering plant growth, grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency and so on, drip irrigation is the suitable irrigation method for winter wheat in North Chin Plain.
Key words:  irrigation method; biochar; winter wheat yield; irrigation water use efficiency; apparent nitrogen use efficiency