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引用本文:黄鑫,佟玲,康德奎,等.种植密度和水分胁迫对玉米灌浆特性与源库关系的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-.
HUANG Xin,TONG Ling,KANG Dekuii,et al.种植密度和水分胁迫对玉米灌浆特性与源库关系的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,0,():-.
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种植密度和水分胁迫对玉米灌浆特性与源库关系的影响
黄鑫,佟玲,康德奎,等
1.中国农业大学中国农业水问题研究中心;2.中国农业大学中国农业水问题研究中心 北京;3.甘肃省水利厅石羊河流域水资源利用中心
摘要:
【目的】从籽粒灌浆特性和源库关系的角度探讨不同种植密度和水分胁迫水平下玉米产量形成机制,为西北地区玉米生产实现节水增产提供理论依据。【方法】于甘肃武威绿洲农业高效用水国家野外科学观测研究站进行田间试验,设置2个密度水平(7万株/hm2、9万株/hm2)及3个水分胁迫水平(无水分胁迫、轻度水分胁迫和中度水分胁迫),分析不同种植密度和水分胁迫水平对玉米籽粒灌浆特性、生物量积累、产量和产量构成因素以及源库关系的影响。【结果】(1)增加种植密度导致上、中、下各粒位百粒重减小,而施加水分胁迫导致中、下粒位百粒重减小,处理间穗粒重差异主要来源于下部籽粒,增加种植密度和施加水分胁迫导致上、中、下各粒位活跃灌浆期缩短,增加种植密度降低各粒位平均灌浆速率,而施加水分胁迫降低中、下粒位平均灌浆速率;(2)施加水分胁迫导致单株和单位面积生物量减小,增加种植密度导致单株生物量减少,单位面积生物量增加,施加水分胁迫导致玉米产量、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数和百粒重减小,增加种植密度则显著提高单位面积产量,但导致百粒重、穗粒数和单株产量的减小,单株产量降低是百粒重与穗粒数共同降低作用的结果;(3)不同粒位百粒重影响因素不同,上部籽粒百粒重由平均灌浆速率和活跃灌浆期共同影响,中部籽粒百粒重主要由平均灌浆速率影响,而下部籽粒百粒重主要由活跃灌浆期影响,中部籽粒灌浆特征参数与单株产量和产量构成因素相关性最好,选取中部籽粒进行灌浆特性分析具有可靠性,单株产量受平均灌浆速率显著影响;(4)各处理下产量均受限于库强度,从源库关系角度可考虑密度的进一步增加,并且高种植密度结合轻度水分胁迫可最大限度将作物生物量积累转变为经济产量,为本研究中最佳组合模式。【结论】增加种植密度和施加水分胁迫导致上、中、下各粒位活跃灌浆期缩短,中、下粒位平均灌浆速率降低,从而影响各粒位籽粒百粒重;单株产量主要受平均灌浆速率影响,进而影响单位面积产量;各处理下产量均受限于库强度,高种植密度结合轻度水分胁迫为本研究最佳组合模式,且可考虑密度的进一步增加。
关键词:  玉米;种植密度;水分胁迫;灌浆特性;源库关系
DOI:
分类号:TV93
基金项目:国家科技基础资源调查专项资助(2021FY100703)、中国农业大学基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2021TC001)
Effects of Planting Density and Water Stress on Grain-filling Characteristics and Source-sink Relationship of Maize
HUANG Xin1, TONG Ling1, KANG Dekuii2, HE Yujiang3, WANG Wanzhen3, YANG Shengju4
1.Center for Agricultural Water Research in China,China Agricultural University;2.Shiyang River Basin Water Resources Utilization Center, Gansu Provincial Water Resources Department;3.Shiyang River Basin Water Resources Utilization Center,Gansu Provincial Water Resources Department;4.Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University
Abstract:
【Objective】The mechanism of maize yield formation under different planting density and water stress levels was discussed from the perspective of grain-filling characteristics and source-sink relationship, which provided theoretical basis for realizing water-saving and increasing agricultural production in northwest China.【Method】Field experiments were carried out at the National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province. Two density levels (70,000 plants/hm2 and 90,000 plants/hm2) and three water stress levels (no water stress, mild water stress, and moderate water stress) were set up in the experiment. The effects of different planting densities and water stress levels on grain-filling characteristics, biomass accumulation, yield and yield components, and source-sink relationship of maize were analyzed.【Result】(1) Increasing planting density resulted in the decrease of 100-grain weight at upper, middle and lower grain positions, while applying water stress resulted in the decrease of 100-grain weight at middle and lower grain positions. The difference in grain weight between treatments was mainly from lower grains. Increasing planting density and applying water stress shortened the active grain-filling period of the upper, middle and lower grain positions. Increasing planting density reduced the average grain-filling rate of each grain position, while applying water stress reduced the average grain-filling rate of the middle and lower grain positions. (2) Applying water stress resulted in a decrease in biomass per plant and per unit, while increasing planting density resulted in a decrease in biomass per plant and an increase in biomass per unit. The yield per plant and per unit, ear length, ear diameter, grains per ear and 100-grain weight of maize decreased when water stress was applied. Increasing planting density significantly increased yield per unit, but decreased 100-grain weight, grains per ear and yield per plant. The yield per plant decreased due to the combined effect of 100-grain weight and grains per ear. (3) The influence factors of 100-grain weight at different grain locations were different. The 100-grain weight of upper grains was affected by average grain-filling rate and active grain-filling period, the 100-grain weight of middle grains was mainly affected by average grain-filling rate, and the 100-grain weight of lower grains was mainly affected by active grain-filling period. The grain-filling characteristic parameters in the middle grains had the best correlation with yield per plant and yield components, and it was reliable to select the middle grains for grain-filling characteristic analysis. The yield per plant was significantly affected by average grain-filling rate. (4) The yield under each treatment was limited by the sink strength, and further increase of density could be considered from the perspective of source-sink relationship. In addition, high planting density combined with mild water stress could maximize the conversion of crop biomass accumulation into economic yield as the best combination mode in this study.【Conclusion】Increasing planting density and applying water stress shortened the active grain-filling period of the upper, middle and lower grain positions, and decreased the average grain-filling rate of the middle and lower grain positions, which affected the 100-grain weight of each grain position. The average grain-filling rate mainly affected the yield per plant, and then the yield per unit. The yield under each treatment was limited by the sink strength. High planting density combined with mild water stress was the best model for this study, and further increase of density could be considered.
Key words:  maize; planting density; water stress; grain-filling characteristics; source-sink relationship