| 引用本文: | 王晓森,吕谋超,，王 森,等.种植密度和灌溉､施氮模式对冬小麦土壤水分状况､产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2021,(9):48-56. |
| WANG Xiaosen,LYU Mouchao,WANG Sen,et al.种植密度和灌溉､施氮模式对冬小麦土壤水分状况､产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2021,(9):48-56. |
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】探索农业节水、减肥背景下豫北地区冬小麦高产高效种植模式。【方法】采用测坑试验设置了密度、灌溉和追氮3因素，其中密度因素设置2个水平（D1：500万株/hm2基本苗；D2：300 万株/hm2基本苗），灌溉因素设置3个水平（W1：返青和灌浆初期灌水；W2：返青、拔节和灌浆初期灌水；W3：返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆初期灌水；各生育期灌水定额均相同），追氮因素设置2个水平（N1：氮肥返青期一次性追施；N2：氮肥在返青期和抽穗期分2次追施）对冬小麦土壤水分状况、叶片生理指标、产量和品质进行研究。【结果】小麦春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水处理（W2）可在1 m深度土层内形成由浅至深逐渐增加的土壤水分梯度，即能形成适宜冬小麦生长的土壤水分环境又提高了不同土层土壤水的利用。灌水生育期越多冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率越高，但叶片水分利用效率则随灌水生育期的增多而降低；D2处理Pn高于D1处理Pn；N2处理Pn高于N1处理Pn。种植密度地增加能极显著的提高单位面积小麦穗数（P＜0.01），但导致穗粒数和千粒质量极显著下降；灌溉因素对穗粒数、千粒质量、产量和灌溉水利用效率（IWUE）的影响均达显著水平（P＜0.05），其中千粒质量随灌水生育期的增加而增加，IWUE随灌水生育期的增加而降低，而穗粒数和产量的最大值均出现在W2处理，其次才是W3处理和W1处理；在氮肥追施总量相同的情况下，N2处理的千粒质量和产量均值比N1处理均值有显著增加。此外，小麦籽粒中的氨基酸和蛋白质随灌水生育期的增加而减少；N1处理氨基酸和蛋白质均值比N2处理的稍高。通过回归分析发现，氨基酸和蛋白质量随产量的增加而线性下降。【结论】豫北地区大穗型冬小麦节水减肥推荐种植模式为：种植密度为300万株/hm2基本苗，足墒播种条件下春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水，每次灌水定额为75 mm；基施复合肥养分量N、P2O5和K2O均为90 kg/hm2，返青期和抽穗期各追氮肥1次，每次施纯氮60 kg/hm2。 |
| 关键词: 密度；灌水；追氮；冬小麦；产量；品质 |
| DOI：10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2020353 |
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| Optimizing Planting Densities, Irrigation and Nitrogen Topdressing to Improve Bioavailable Soil Water and Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat |
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WANG Xiaosen, LYU Mouchao, WANG Sen CAI Jiumao, LI Ying, QIN Jingtao, LIU Jieyun, FAN Xichao, WANG Hezhou
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(1.Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Water-saving Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China;
3. National Agro-ecological System Observation and Research Station of Shangqiu, Shangqiu 476000, China)
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】Water and fertilizer use efficiency of crops depends on many factors, and the objective of this paper is to investigate experimentally how to achieve this through optimizing planting density, irrigation and nitrogen topdressing.【Method】The experiment was conducted in lysimeters with winter wheat used as the model plant. It compared two planting densities: 5×106 plant/hm2 (D1) and 3×106 plant/hm2 (D2). For each planting density, there were three irrigation treatments: irrigating at the turning-green stage and the grain-filling stage (W1), irrigating at the turning-green stage, jointing stage and grain-filling stage (W2), irrigating at the turning-green stage, jointing stage, heading stage and grain-filling stage (W3), and two nitrogen topdressing treatments: topdressing all nitrogen at the turning-green stage, topdressing a half at the turning-green stage and the other half at the jointing stage. In each treatment, we measured the changes in soil water contents.【Result】Irrigating scheduling W2 made soil water in 0~100 cm more suitable for the crop to grow and increased its water use efficiency. Increasing irrigation frequency enhanced photosynthetic and transpiration rates, but it reduced leaf water use efficiency and the content of amino acid and protein in the grain. Increasing planting density or nitrogen topdressing frequency can improve photosynthetic rate even when the total amount of nitrogen application was the same. Increasing planting density increased spike numbers, but reduced grain numbers per spike and kernel weight, all at significant level (p<0.001). Irrigation scheduling affected grain numbers per spike, kernel weight, crop yield, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) at significant level (p<0.05); increasing irrigation frequency at different growing stages increased the kernel weight but reduced IWUE. Irrigation scheduling W2 gave the highest grain numbers per spike and yield, followed by W3, with W1 being the least. When the amount of nitrogen used in the topdressing was the same, increasing topdressing frequency increased the kernel weight and yield significantly, but reduced the content of amino acid and protein in the grain. Planting density did not show significant effects on amino acids and protein in the grains. Regression analysis revealed that the content of amino acid and protein in the grains decreased linearly as the crop yield increased. 【Conclusion】The optimal agronomic practices for winter wheat in our studied regions were: Planting density 3×106 plant/hm2; three irrigations, each with 75 mm of water, at the turning-green stage, jointing stage and grain filling stage respectively; base fertilization N, P2O5 and K2O, each at the rate of 90 kg/hm2; topdressing nitrogen at the turning green stage and jointing stage, each with 60 kg/hm2. |
| Key words: planting density; irrigation scheduling; topdressing nitrogen; winter wheat; yield; grain quality |
