| 摘要: |
| 【目的】调整优化华北平原灌溉和种植制度，缓解地下水超采。【方法】采用产量（GY）-地下水超采量（GO）-蒸散量（ET）-水分利用效率（WUE）、GY-GO-蓝水+绿水+灰水（BGG）-水足迹（WF）、GY-GO-有益用水比例、水分损失比例、无益用水比例（BLN）-水分生产力（WP）多种评价指标的组合，以及层次分析法、熵权法、随机森林等多种权重方法，对不同灌溉和种植制度进行综合评价。灌溉和种植制度试验在中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行，试验处理为关键期灌溉（CI）和最小灌溉（MI）2种灌溉制度，冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟（DWM）、冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米（WMM）两年三熟、冬小麦一年一熟（WW）和春玉米一年一熟（SM）4种种植制度。【结果】MI-WMM在不同评价指标组合及权重方法中均排名第1，周年平均GY为10 291.9 kg/hm2，GO为0.3 mm，ET为518.9 mm，WUE为1.98 kg/m3，BGG为671.8 mm，WF为0.653 m3/kg，有益用水比例为85.80%，水分损失比例为3.88%，无益用水比例为14.20%，WP为1.78 kg/m3。【结论】MI-WMM为当前最优的灌溉和种植制度，可实现粮食生产、地下水压采、水分利用和水分生产力的平衡。同时，应配套高产抗逆品种，优化作物播期密度和施肥量，采用玉米籽粒机收提高生产效率，增加农民休耕轮作的积极性。应根据生态健康地下水埋深和发展阶段的主要需求，明确优先目标，综合考虑并平衡生产和生态指标，对种植制度进行动态调整。 |
| 关键词: 小麦和玉米；地下水超采；耗水量；水分利用效率；水足迹 |
| DOI：10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2025071 |
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| Comprehensive multi-objective evaluation of water-saving, high-efficiency cropping systems in the North China Plain |
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LIU Yi, SUN Hongyong, XU Hongbin, ZENG Linghai,
DAI Jing, DONG Xinliang, WANG Jintao
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1. Agricultural Science Institute of Nandagang Management Zone, Cangzhou 061103, China;
2. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; 3. The Fourth Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Brigade of the Geological and
Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau of Hebei Province, Cangzhou 061000, China;
4. Hebei Cagnzhou Groundwater and Land Subsidence National Observation and Research Station, Cangzhou 061000, China;
5. Innovation Base for Land Subsidence Monitoring, Prevention and Control in the North China Plain, Cangzhou 061000, China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】Excessive groundwater extraction in the North China Plain (NCP) has triggered serious ecological concerns, jeopardizing the sustainability of regional agriculture. This study aims to identify optimal irrigation and cropping systems that curb groundwater overexploitation while maintaining high agricultural productivity.【Method】A multi-criteria framework, which integrates indicators including grain yield, groundwater overexploitation, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, water footprint components (blue, green and grey), water productivity, and the proportions of beneficial, non-beneficial, and lost water, was established to evaluate the impact of the different combinations of irrigation and cropping systems on ecology and sustainability of agriculture in this region. Weighting methods including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the entropy weight method, and the random forest algorithm were used in the evaluations. Field experiments were conducted at the Nanpi Ecological Agriculture Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which tested two irrigation strategies: irrigation in the critical period of crops and minimum irrigation (MI) for five cropping systems: rotation of winter wheat and summer maize, rotation of winter wheat, summer maize and spring maize (WMM), single winter wheat cropping, and single spring maize cropping. 【Result】The combination of MI wand WMM ranked the highest in all evaluation criteria and weighting methods. MI and WMM combination achieved an average annual grain yield of 10 291.9 kg/hm2, groundwater overexploitation of 0.3 mm, evapotranspiration of 518.9 mm, and water use efficiency of 1.98 kg/m3. Its water footprint was 0.653 m3/kg, with 85.80% beneficial water use, 3.88% water loss, and 14.20% non-beneficial water use; it its productivity was 1.78 kg/m3.【Conclusion】The MI and WMM combination offers a robust solution for balancing high crop yields with sustainable groundwater management in the NCP. Further improvements can be achieved by adopting high-yield and stress-tolerant crop varieties, optimizing sowing dates, planting density, and fertilization, and mechanizing maize harvesting. Cropping systems should also be adaptively managed based on groundwater ecology and regional development balance to ensure long-term agricultural and environmental sustainability. |
| Key words: wheat and maize; groundwater overexploitation; water consumption; water use efficiency; water footprint |
